Certificate In X-Ray Technician

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1) HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY:-

                                                                a)Cell, cell division, Tissue, Study of various system respiratory, Cardio vascular, Urinary tract genital system, Alimentary system, skeletal system, surface anatomy, Endocrine system, Components of food.

b).Musculo- skeletal system, bones, joints, types of joints, muscles, types of muscles, types of muscles, vertebral column, upper and lower limbs.

c).Cardio-vascular system including heart, major blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatic. X-Ray discovery, properties, production X-Ray tube, radiation hazards and protection deveces films badges. Flurocopic intensifying screens. Grides Ultrasonography.

d).Genito-Urinary system – including kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethrs, Male and Female reproductive system including testes, prostste, seminal vesicles, uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, penis, vagina, vulva. Idea of units, works power energy, static electricity, current electricity. Ohm’s Law. Electrical circuits heating affect, resistance. Magnetism transformer rectification in X-Ray tube. H.L. Cables, earthing electrical hazards. Atomic Structure, radio activity.

e).Endocrine system including the endocrine glands like pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid. Basic structure of dark room, Various accessories in dark room(safe light X-Ray films, intensifying careens) Various stage if film processing, Developer and Fixer faults. General principles of radiography, X-Ray machinesoperation, records of patients, medici-legal aspects, stock taking and stock keeping, aspect of patient first aid.

f).Physiology of cardiovascular system including heart and circulation, blood pressure, arteries, veins, capillaries.

g).Male and female reproductive system including the spermatoxoa, oocytes, hormonal changes.

h) Function of the nervous system including autonomic nervous system, CSF, cranial nerves, sensory and motor systems.

2) PATHOLOGY :-

A) Cellular structure, pathogenesis of disease , inflammation, types and definition,. Degeneration, cell death, granulomatous inflammation, healing process ,basic pathologica condition.

 b) Infarction ,Hemodynamic disorders like hemorrhage, ischemia,

 c) Hypersensitivity reactions , Infections – bacterial, viral, parasitic, worm infestation

3)Radiation Physics and Protection :-

a) Introduction to X-rays , history, origin, , construction of X-Ray tubes, requirements for X-Ray production (electron source, target and anode material), tube voltage, current, space charge, cathode assembly, efficiency, stationary and rotating tubes, kVp , mAs.

b) Filament current and voltage, primary circuits, auto transformers, types of exposure switch and timers, principle of automatic exposure control (AEC), filament circuit, high voltage circuits, half and full wave rectification, three phase circuits. Types of generators, 3 phase, 6 and 12 pulse circuits, falling load generators, capacitors discharge and grid control systems

c) Units of radiation, SI units,ICRU definition of absorbed dose, quality factor, dose equivalent .

d) Biological effects of radiation including excitation and free radical formation, DNA, RNA and tissue randiosensitivity. Effects of ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, stochastic and non-stochastic effects, mean and lethal dose

4) Dark Room Techniques & Radiography:-

a)Radiography of upper extremity, bones and joints – views techniques.Radiography of lower extremity – views, techniques.Special views for small joints – wrists , MCP, IP joints, tarsal bones etc.

b) Chest radiography – various views, techniques, decubitus views.Radiography of ribs , soft tissues Abdominal radiography – erect , supine , KUB – views, techniques.Radiography of pelvis – views and techniques .

c)Dental, Orthopantomograms, Pediatric Radiography, Mobile Radiography

 4)Introduction of dark room, layout, ventilation , illumination, developer , fixer tanks.Dry bench, wet bench, pass boxes.Characteristics , features and requirements of safe light.Process of developing , fixing, rinsing

5) Film material , construction of films, types of films, storage of films , sizes.Film speed , high speed, low speed. Newer film types – laser films, dry and wet laser films.

6)Film processing, manual , automatic film processing, washing, drying, hangers clip hangers, channel hangers.Chemicals- Developers, fixers, rinser, replenisher solution etc .

 

 

 

PART – II (2 YEARS)

 

1) Special Radiographic Procedures:-

a) Introduction to contrast media, oral and iv contrast agents, new generation contrast agents.Reaction to contrast agents and management of reaction to contrast agents

b) Sialography , Myelography, Cisternography, ArthrographyDacryo-cysto rhinography ( DCR)

 c) T-Tube cholangiography ,Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio pancreatography ( ERCP) Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography ( PTCA)

d )Retrograde Urography ( RGU) and Urethrogram Micturating Cysto-Urethrography ( MCU) Percutaneous nephrostomy ,Hysterosalpingography ( HSG)

2)Mammography & Digital Radiography :-

a) Breast cancer screening, BIRAD classification .Current trends in screening of breast cancer.Radiation dose and screening issues- specificity and sensitivity, advantages, hazards of screening

b) Characterisation of breast lesion, role of biopsy, FNA, interventional procedures in breast. Sterotactic biopsy guides attachments.

c) Anatomy of Breasts and basic breast diseases.

 d) Basic Uses of Digital Technology in Radiography, PACS, DICOM, Cloud Computing, Filmless Radiology

e) Computerised Radiography systems, Digital Radiography systems, Digital tomosynthesis – uses and advantages.

f) Screen Mammography Special features of mammography equipments including tubes, grids, screens and films Equipment – tube, compression techniques.

3)CT Scan Techniques :-

a) Basic physics, tube technology, rating, detector technology, generators, stabilizers, gantry, console etc.Data acquisition, various methods, types and generation of CT Scanners, filters, tiltSpiral CT , slip ring technology

b) Use of oral , rectal, iv contrast in CT Scan, dose consideration , administration , patient preparation.Principles of window, grey scale contrast optimization .

c) Clinical application of CT scan.CT Scan techniques of brain, chest ,abdomen, head and neck.

d) Recording CT images, filming techniques, cameras and archiving , digital archiving CD, DVD, MOD etc Normal CT anatomy of various organs, common pathologies.Post processing and multiplanar reconstruction.

4) Ultrasound and Color Dopple ,Angiography :-

a) Angiographic techniques in radiology Conventional angiography , setting up of cath labs, rapid sequence film techniques.DSA, Selective and Super-selective angiographies, indications

b) Routine abdominal USG, High frequency USG , M-Mode sonography, usg of small parts, testes, breasts, A-scan,B-scan, thyroid, neonatal brain. Use of USG in interventions, USG in pregnancy , fetal USG screening, Endoluminal sonography – TVS, TRS , Trans-perineal USG, color oppler in pregnancy.

c) Basic Principles of color Doppler, uses of color Doppler, Pulsed Doppler , Continuous wave Doppler, power angiography , , Color Doppler, Continuous wave Doppler in.

d) Basic physics of Ultrasound Imaging, terminology, principles.Image acquisition, transducer technology, display controls, recording and archiving of USG images .

5) MRI Techniques :-

a) Sequences in MRI , basic sequences, T1, T2 weighted images, newer sequences.IV contrast agents in MRI .

b) Applications of MRI in brain imaging, spine imaging, abdomen and pelvis imaging, imaging of joints , head and neck.

c) MRI room design and installation. Copper shielding of MRI rooms, specifications..Effect of shielding on image quality.Safety factors

d) Effect of magnetic field on cells. Magnets – types of magnets, permanent magnets, superconductor magnets,field strength – tesla.

6) Patient care

7) Lab result Correlation

8) Image Acquisition .