BACHELOR OF HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE & SURGERY

ANATOMY Instructions: I. (a) Instructions in anatomy should be so planed as to present a general working knowledge of the structure of the human body; (b) The amount of detail which a student is required to memorise should be reduced to the minimum; (c) Major emphasis should be laid on functional anatomy of the living subject rather than on the static structures of the cadaver, and on general anatomical positions and broad relations of the viscera, muscles, blood-vessels, nerves and lymphatics and study of the cadaver is the only means to achieve this; (d) Students should not be burdened with minutes anatomical details which have no clinical significance. II. Though dissection of the entire body is essential for the preparation of the student of his clinical studies, the burden of dissection can be reduced and much saving of time can be effected, if considerable reduction of the amount of topographical details is made and the following points are kept in view:- (1) Only such details as have professional or general educational value for the medical students. (2) The purpose of dissection is to give the student an understanding of the body in relation to its function, and the dissection should be designed to achieve this goal. (3) Normal radiological anatomy may also form part of practical or clinical training and the structure of the body should be presented linking functional aspects. (4) Dissection should be preceded by a course of lectures on the general structure of the organ or the system under discussion and then its function. In this way anatomical and physiological knowledge can be presented to students in an integrated form and the instruction of the whole course of anatomy and physiology and more interesting, lively and practical or clinical. (5) A good part of the theoretical lectures on anatomy can be transferred to tutorial classes with the demonstrations. (6) Students should be able to identify anatomical specimens and structures displayed in the dissections. (7) Lectures or demonstrations on the clinical and applied anatomy should be arranged in the later part of the course and it should aim at demonstrating the anatomical basis of physical signs and the value of anatomical knowledge to the students. (8) Seminars and group discussions to be arranged periodically with a view of presenting these subjects in an integrated manner. (9) More stress on demonstrations and tutorials should be given. Emphasis should be laid down on the general anatomical positions and broad relations of the viscera, muscles, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics. (10) There should be joint seminars with the departments of Physiology and BioChemistry which should be organized once a month. (11) There should be a close correlation in the teaching of gross Anatomy, Histology, Embryology and Genetics and the teaching of Anatomy, Physiology including Bio-chemistry shall be integrated. A. Theory: (a) A complete course of human anatomy with general working knowledge of different anatomical parts of the body. The curriculum includes the following, namely:- 1. General Anatomy: 1.1. Modern concepts of cell and its components; cell division, types with their significance. 1.2. Tissues. 1.3. Genetics. 2. Developments anatomy (Embryology): 2.1. Spermatogenesis 2.2. Oogenesis 2.3. Formation of germ layers 2.4. Development of embryogenic disk 2.5. Placenta 2.6. Development of abdominal organs 2.7. Development of cardio vascular system 2.8. Development of nervous system 2.9. Development of respiratory system 2.10. Development of body cavities 2.11. Development of uro-genital system 3. Regional anatomy: This will be taught under the following regions:- 3.1. Head, Neck and Face, Brain 3.2. Thorax 3.3. Abdomen 3.4. Upper and Lower Extremities 3.5 Special Senses Each of the above areas will cover,- (a) osteology (b) syndesmology (joints) (c) mycology (d) angiology (e) neurology (f) splanchnolgy (viscera and organs) (g) surface anatomy (h) applied anatomy (i) radiographic anatomy 4. Histology (Microanatomy); B. Practical – 1. Dissection of the whole human body, demonstration of dissected parts. 2. Identification of histological slides related to tissues and organs. 3. Students shall maintain practical or clinical journals and dissection cards. C. Examination: 1. Theory: The written papers in anatomy shall be in two papers, namely:- 1.1. Paper-I a. General Anatomy, b. Head, face and neck, Central nervous System, upper extremities and Embyrology. 1.2. Paper-II a. Thorax, abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities and Histology (microanatomy). 2. The Practical including viva voce or oral examination includes the following:- 2.1. Marks: 200 2.2. Distribution of marks- Marks 2.2.1. Knowledge of dissected parts- 20 2.2.2. Viscera 20 2.2.3. Bones 20 2.2.4. Surface Anatomy 10 2.2.5. Spotting (including Radiology and Histology) 20 2.2.6. Maintenance of Practical record or journal and dissection card 10 2.2.7. Viva Voce (Oral) 100 Total 200 PHYSIOLOGY Instructions: I. (a) The purpose of a course in physiology is to teach the functions, processes and inter-relationship of the different organs and systems of the normal disturbance in disease and to equip the student with normal standards of reference for use while diagnosing and treating deviations from the normal; (b) To a Homoeopath the human organism is an integrated whole of body life and mind and though life includes all the chemico-physical processes it transcends them; (c) There can be no symptoms of disease without vital force animating the human organism and it is primarily the vital force which is deranged in disease; (d) Physiology shall be taught from the stand point of describing physical processes underlying them in health; (e) Applied aspect of every system including the organs is to be stressed upon while teaching the subject. II. (a) There should be close co-operation between the various departments while teaching the different systems; (b) There should be joint courses between the two departments of anatomy and physiology so that there is maximum co-ordination in the teaching of these subjects; (c) Seminars should be arranged periodically and lecturers of anatomy, physiology and bio-chemistry should bring home the point to the students that the integrated approach is more meaningful. A. Theory: The curriculum includes the following, namely:- I. General physiology: 1. Introduction to cellular physiology 2. Cell Junctions 3. Transport through cell membrane and resting membrane potential 4. Body fluids compartments 5. Homeostasis II. Body fluids: 1. Blood 2. Plasma Proteins 3. Red Blood Cells 4. Erythropoiesis 5. Haemoglobin and Iron Metabolism 6. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 7. Packed Cell Volume and Blood Indices 8. Anaemia 9. Haemolysis and Fragility of Red Blood Cells 10. White Blood Cell 11. Immunity 12. Platelets 13. Haemostasis 14. Coagulation of Blood 15. Blood groups 16. Blood Transfusion 17. Blood volume 18. Reticulo-endothelial System and Tissue Macrophage 19. Lymphatic System and Lymph 20. Tissue Fluid and Oedema III. Cardio-vascular system: 1. Introduction to cardiovascular system 2. Properties of cardiac muscle 3. Cardiac cycle 4. General principles of circulation 5. Heart sounds 6. Regulation of cardiovascular system 7. Normal and abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) 8. Cardiac output 9. Heart rate 10. Arterial blood pressure 11. Radial Pulse 12. Regional circulation- Cerebral, Splanchnic, Capillary, Cutaneous & skeletal muscle circulation. 13. Cardiovascular adjustments during exercise IV. Respiratory system and environmental physiology: 1. Physiological anatomy of respiratory tract 2. Mechanism of respiration: Ventilation, diffusion of gases 3. Transport of respiratory gases 4. Regulation of respiration 5. Pulmonary function tests 6. High altitude and space physiology 7. Deep sea physiology 8. Artificial respiration 9. Effects of exercise on respiration V. Digestive system: 1. Introduction to digestive system 2. Composition and functions of digestive juices 3. Physiological anatomy of Stomach, Pancreas, Liver and Gall bladder, Small intestine, Large intestine 4. Movements of gastrointestinal tract 5. Gastrointestinal hormones 6. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids VI. Renal physiology and skin: 1. Physiological anatomy of kidneys and urinary tract 2. Renal circulation 3. Urine formation: Renal clearance, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, selective secretion, concentration of urine, acidification of urine 4. Renal functions tests 5. Micturition 6. Skin 7. Sweat 8. Body temperature and its regulation VII. Endocrinology: 1. Introduction of endocrinology 2. Hormones and hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis 3. Pituitary gland 4. Thyroid gland 5. Parathyroid 6. Endocrine functions of pancreas 7. Adrenal cortex 8. Adrenal medulla 9. Endocrine functions of other organs VIII. Reproductive system: 1. Male reproductive system-testis and its hormones; seminal vesicles, prostate gland, semen. 2. Introduction to female reproductive system 3. Menstrual cycle 4. Ovulation 5. Menopause 6. Infertility 7. Pregnancy and parturition 8. Placenta 9. Pregnancy tests 10. Mammary glands and lactation 11. Fertility 12. Foetal circulation IX. Central nervous system: 1. Introduction to nervous system 2. Neuron 3. Neuroglia 4. Receptors 5. Synapse 6. Neurotransmitters 7. Reflex 8. Spinal cord 9. Somato-sensory system and somato-motor system 10. Physiology of pain 11. Brainstem, Vestibular apparatus 12. Cerebral cortex 13. Thalamus 14. Hypothalamus 15. Internal capsule 16. Basal ganglia 17. Limbic system 18. Cerebellum – Posture and equilibrium 19. Reticular formation 20. Proprioceptors 21. Higher intellectual function 22. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 23. Physiology of sleep 24. Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) 25. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) X. Special senses: 1. Eye: Photochemistry of vision, Visual pathway, Pupillary reflexes, Colour vision, Errors of refraction 2. Ear: Auditory pathway, Mechanism of hearing, Auditory defects 3. Sensation of taste: Taste receptors, Taste pathways 4. Sensation of smell: Olfactory receptors, olfactory, pathways 5. Sensation of touch XI. Nerve muscle physiology: 1. Physiological properties of nerve fibres 2. Nerve fibre- types, classification, function, Degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerves 3. Neuro-Muscular junction 4. Physiology of Skeletal muscle 5. Physiology of Cardiac muscle 6. Physiology of Smooth muscle 7. EMG and disorders of skeletal muscles XII. Bio-physical sciences: 1. Filtration 2. Ultra filtration 3. Osmosis 4. Diffusion 5. Adsorption 6. Hydrotropy 7. Colloid 8. Donnan Equilibrium 9. Tracer elements 10. Dialysis 11. Absorption 12. Assimilation 13. Surface tension B. Practical: I. Haematology: 1. Study of the Compound Microscope 2. Introduction to haematology 3. Collection of Blood samples 4. Estimation of Haemoglobin Concentration 5. Determination of Haematocrit 6. Haemocytometry 7. Total RBC count 8. Determination of RBC indices 9. Total Leucocytes Count (TLC) 10. Preparation and examination of Blood Smear 11. Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC) 12. Absolute Eosinophil Count 13. Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 14. Determination of Blood Groups 15. Osmotic fragility of Red cells 16. Determination of Bleeding Time and Coagulation Time 17. Platelet Count 18. Reticulocyte Count II. Human experiments: 1. General Examination 2. Respiratory System- Clinical examination, Spirometry, Stethography 3. Gastrointestinal System- Clinical examination 4. Cardiovascular System- Blood pressure recording, Radial pulse, ECG, Clinical examination 5. Nerve and Musle Physiology-Mosso’s Ergography, Handgrip Dynamometer 6. Nervous System- Clinical examination 7. Special Senses- Clinical examination 8. Reproductive System- Diagnosis of pregnancy BIO-CHEMISTRY A. THEORY: 1. Carbohydrates: (Chemistry, Metabolism, Glycolysis, TCA, HMP, Glycogen synthesis and degradation, Blood glucose regulation) 2. Lipids: (Chemistry, Metabolism, Intestinal uptake, Fat transport, Utilisation of stored fat, Activation of fatty acids, Beta oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids) 3. Proteins: (Chemistry, Metabolism, Digestion of protein, Transamination, Deamination Fate of Ammonia, Urea cycle, End products of each amino acid and their entry into TCA cycle 4. Enzymes: (Definition, Classification, Biological Importance, Diagnostic use, Inhibition) 5. Vitamins: (Daily requirements, Dietary source, Disorders and physiological role) 6. Minerals (Daily requirement, Dietary Sources, Disorders and physiological role) 7. Organon function tests B. Practical: 1. Demonstration of uses of instruments or equipment 2. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids 3. Normal characteristics of urine 4. Abnormal constituents of urine 5. Quantitative estimation of glucose, total proteins, uric acid in blood 6. Liver function tests 7. Kidney function tests 8. Lipid profile 9. Interpretation and discussion of results of biochemical tests. C. Examination: 1. Theory: (1) No. of Papers- 02 (2) Marks: Paper I- 100 (3) Paper II- 100 1.1 Contents: 1.1.1. Paper-I: General Physiology, Biophysics, Body fluids, Cardiovascular system, Reticuloendothelial system, Respiratory system, Excretory system, Regulation of body temperature, Skin, Nerve Muscle physiology 1.1.2. Paper-II: Endocrine system, Central Nervous System, Digestive system and metabolism, Reproductive system, Sense organs, Biochemistry, Nutrition. 2. Practical Including viva voce or oral: 2.1 Marks; 200 2.2. Distribution of marks; Marks 2.2.1. Experiments 50 2.2.2. Spotting 30 2.2.3. Maintenance of Practical record/Journal 20 2.24. Viva Voce (Oral) 100 -------- Total 200 -------- ORGANON OF MEDICINE WITH HOMOEOPATHIC PHILOSOPHY Instructions: I. (a) Organon of Medicine with Homoeopathic Philosophy is a vital subject which builds up the conceptual base of the physician; (b) It illustrates those principles which when applied in practice enable the physician to achieve results, which he can explain logically and rationally in medical practice with greater competence; (c) Focus of the education and training should be to build up the conceptual base of Homoeopathic Philosophy for use in medical practice. II. Homoeopathy should be taught as a complete system of medicine with logical rationality of its holistic, individualistic and dynamistic approach to life, health, disease, remedy and cure and in order to achieve this, integration in the study of logic, psychology and the fundamentals of Homoeopathy becomes necessary. III. (a) It is imperative to have clear grasp of inductive and deductive logic, and its application and understanding of the fundamentals of Homoeopathy; (b) Homoeopathic approach in therapeutics is a holistic approach and it demands a comprehension of patient as a person, disposition, state of his mind and body, along with the study of the disease process and its causes; (c) Since Homoeopathy lays great emphasis on knowing the mind, preliminary and basic knowledge of the psychology becomes imperative for a homoeopathic physician and introduction to psychology will assist the student in building up his conceptual base in this direction. IV. The department of organon of medicine shall co-ordinate with other departments where students are sent for the pre-clinical and clinical training and this will not only facilitate integration with other related departments, but also enhance the confidence of the students when they will be attending specialty clinics.